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Sanitary protection of water intakes is the most important aspect in maintaining water quality in long-term exploitation. Principles and system of sanitary protection is regulated by the State in the form of legislation, regulations and guidance material and independent State inspections.
The goal of sanitary security events held before and during operation:
-limitation or elimination of existing potential sources of pollution; removing the possibility of new.
The composition of these activities is generated when approving operational reserves deposits and may include:
(a) the control (through a licensing mechanism) of all types of exploration and exploitation of the subsoil (mining, dumping effluents.),
(b) elimination of defective and idle wells and workings, control of technologies of all operating industrial enterprises (leakage of technological communications and storage containers, emergency discharges, industry wastes, etc.);
monitoring of agricultural technology (mineral and organic fertilizers, pesticides ...), control of permits (pesticides), Mr.) ban the construction of industrial evaporators, septic tanks,
(c) limitation of the development of new settlements,
(d) Elimination of old and ban on creating new cemeteries, livestock graves,
(e) water and wastewater treatment plants (sewage),
(f) and much more in accordance with local conditions and characteristics.
These activities are localized in the so-called health zone (SZZ). Its size and position on the ground are approved by simultaneously with the counting of AZ and calculation of water quality. SZZ is divided into zones (in different countries in different ways: in Ukraine and Russia-three belts):
I belt (strict regime)
II belt of protection from bacterial (microbial) pollution,
III belt of protection from chemical pollution.
The border of I belt the strict regime of SZZ underground water source set from a single withdrawals or from extreme abstraction facilities group at a distance of 15-60 m around stations I lift to prevent accidental or deliberate pollution directly through the water intake device. Inside it is strictly forbidden for trespassing, construction, location of various buildings and structures, not directly related to the exploitation of the water. In the zone of the strict regime are newcomers, as well as the use of organic fertilizers and pesticides for plantations and crops. When positioned close to the limits of the SZZ zone existing residential, industrial and other objects should make arrangements for the upgrading of their territories, prevents pollution territories zone. SZZ is protected; land forfeited; inside the zone creates a strict regime often artificial coating. Hydro geologic support.
The sizes of II and III belts are defined by hydrodynamic and migration calculation. Their appointment: borders II zone are calculated at the date the survival of pathogenic bacteria in groundwater: estimated time 100, 200, 400 days (depending on the climate zone and the "massiveness" microbial contamination). On the territory of construction that lead to the destruction of rocks and seams, off the top of exploitative aquifer; prohibits contamination territories, placement of warehouses and lubricants (GSM), storage, cemeteries, application of fertilizers and pesticides.
Border of the III SZZ belts defines speed of migration of chemical pollutants. The full life is, usually 104 days but not less than 25 years. On the territory of SOA place warehouses GSM, pesticides, fertilizers, and other objects that can be the cause of chemical pollution.
The basic principle of calculating II/III zones: each zone is isochronal, i.e. the set of points from which water abstraction through specified pollution reaches the estimated period of time. 01298000 II and III zones-the calculated amount of time.
On the territory of zone restrictions must be safety: identify and eliminate existing water consuming wells; to tamp an old and broken wells, various existing production facilities and locations. These activities are necessary for protection of equipment of water-bearing horizons of particles from the surface of the Earth.
Monitoring of SZZ are performed by state organs of sanitary control.
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